This project aims to biofabricate a novel prosthetic heart using bioprinted tissue containing a universal cell source for newborns with life-threatening congenital heart diseases. Currently, heart bioprinting is especially challenging given low availability of cardiac cells and high cost of extracellular matrix proteins. The team will combine cardiac cells and scaffold printing to build hearts in a modular fashion, enabling both individual heart component replacements, and full orthotopic heart transplants for our most vulnerable patients. If successful, this effort will provide a suite of therapeutic options for 1 million children in the United States (40,000 U.S. babies born each year) with heart deformities: heart valves, vascular grafts, myocardial patches, cardiac chambers, tissue engineered pacemakers, whole hearts, and cell therapies.